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India, once a colony of the United Kingdom, gained independence in 1947 and has since become the seventh largest country in the world, boasting 28 states and 8 federal territories, covering an area of 2.98 million square kilometers and with a population of 1.38 billion, the second largest in the world. India is a thriving democracy and one of the fastest growing major economies.
After facing a major balance of payments crisis in 1991 that nearly caused the market to collapse, India has undergone major economic transformation, shifting from a government-led planned economy to a more liberalized free market system. The country’s GDP has grown at an average rate of 6.3% from 1991 to 2021. The widespread popularity of English and a highly skilled workforce in information technology has made India an attractive investment destination for many advanced markets, particularly in the tech services sector.
Agriculture remains the main industry in India, employing 43% of the country’s working population, however, the primary drivers of economic growth are trade, finance, and information technology. The service industry is the largest contributor to GDP, accounting for 60%.
The COVID-19 pandemic took a toll on India’s economy in 2020, causing a 6.6% decline. However, the economy rebounded in 2021 with a growth rate of 9% thanks to a combination of factors such as domestic economic recovery, the shift of foreign capital from China to India, the government’s “Make in India” policy, and the growth of exports.
The IMF predicts that the Indian economy will see a growth of 6.9% in 2023 fiscal year, driven by a surge in private consumption and government investment. Private investment is expected to remain sluggish. The growth rate is expected to dip in 2023/24 due to higher borrowing costs and a decline in demand for exports. However, the economy is expected to bounce back from 2024/25.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is expected to stop its monetary tightening process in the second quarter of 2023 and slowly decrease the policy rate, given the moderating growth and ahead of the parliamentary elections.
GDP Data is updated in January, 2023. Figures below represent GDP contribution with the expenditure approach by segment. Data is sourced from World Bank, IMF, and local government and refactored by our team. Forecasted data is from EIU.
India’s economy has always been driven by private consumption, accounting for 55-65% of the total GDP in the past 20 years. In the future development, due to factors such as the strong growth of domestic household income and the increase of disposable income, private consumption will gradually maintain growth from 59% in 2021 in the next 10 years.
India’s economy has been driven by private consumption for many years. In the past 20 years, it has accounted for about 55-65% of the total GDP. In the future development, it is expected that the proportion of private consumption will gradually maintain growth in the next ten years from 59% in 2021 due to strong domestic household income and the growth of expendable consumption. .
However, the main drivers of economic growth are exports and foreign direct investment. In 2021, these two values will account for 28.5% and 21.4% respectively, showing significant growth compared with the same period last year, and international agencies and the Indian government also expect to continue to grow in the future.
There are two main reasons behind this: First, under the leadership of the Modi government, India is committed to improving the business environment, attracting overseas investment, and promoting the development of India’s manufacturing industry. For example, Labor Reform (Labour Reform) introduced in 2019, Code on Wages (Code on Wages) in 2019, Code on Social Security (Code on Social Security) in 2020, Industrial Relations Code (Industrial Relations Code) in 2020, And the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code), etc. However, due to the opposition of some local governments in the country, the implementation is suspended, but it is expected that the Indian government will further implement it in the near term.
On the other hand, infrastructure will continue to be strengthened, focusing on the development of manufacturing and industrial sectors, continuing to relax FDI restrictions, and promoting policies to promote foreign investment in local enterprises. These developments will further promote India’s attraction of international investment and increase its regional influence.
According to IMF, the growth in India’s real GDP is forecasted to decrease to 6.1% in the 2023 fiscal year, which is a drop from the 8.8% growth in the previous fiscal year 2021/22. The manufacturing sector has remained weak over the course of 2022 due to increased input costs, though the festive season in October-December 2022 and declining global commodity prices had brought some improvement. However, weaker external demand from key export markets will impact the manufacturing sector in the near term. On the other hand, the services sector is expected to remain stable, with a steady demand for retail trade, software services, commercial real estate, travel, and transport services.
Consumer demand is expected to slowly decline in the this and next year, but low inflation will sustain growth in consumption. Meanwhile, higher interest rates will negatively impact private investment in 2023. In the long term, progress on structural reforms, such as changes to labor laws and investment incentives to boost manufacturing output, will drive economic growth. It is forecasted that the annual real GDP growth will average 6.4% in the next five years.
GDP Data is updated in January, 2023. Figures below represent GDP contribution with the expenditure approach by segment. Data is sourced from World Bank, IMF, and local government and refactored by our team. Forecasted data is from EIU.
Since India’s independence, the demographics have undergone dramatic changes. Experienced a population explosion in the past, the total population of the country has exceeded 1.4 billion, four times the population (340 million) at the time of independence in 1947, rising from one-eighth of the world’s population to one-sixth. The total population of India has surpassed China in April this year (2023), becoming the most populous country in the world.
Although India has been experiencing rapid population growth, it is currently experiencing a slowdown in the total fertility rate. In addition, various mortality indicators have improved as medical technology has improved. However, there are still certain obstacles preventing India from reaping the demographic dividend in terms of improving living standards, providing skills and training, and creating employment opportunities.
Unlike China, which is also a populous country, the Indian government has not implemented any birth restriction policy so far. Although some political leaders have been working for years to promote similar bills, hoping to limit people to only two children, but None of these proposals even passed a vote.
But even though the country is undergoing a demographic transition, the death rate continues to decrease, and the birth rate slows down to 2.0, India’s population growth is still higher than most countries, and the growth rate will still maintain a certain speed. In 2021, it will be 0.8%, and the total number of growth will be 8.8 times that of China. The United Nations Commission on Population and Development does not expect India’s population to start declining until 2060, so while the birth rate is falling, the likelihood of a diminishing demographic dividend over the next 20 years or so remains low, ensuring India’s global competitiveness in terms of labor supply. Investors are all attractive.
With such a population growth trend, the proportion of the working-age population has increased from 50% to 65%, which means that there is a higher proportion of the working population and a lower proportion of the dependent population, and the dependency ratio has increased from 65% in 2000. Significant decline to 48% in 2021. This in turn increases productivity and brings better conditions to India’s economic base. While some economists see India’s young population as an advantage over China’s aging population, the national workforce is still constrained by the absence of women in the labor force, with only one in five women employed.
At the same time, due to the low level of education, many working people lack the basic skills required by the modern job market. So even with the largest population, India still has one of the lowest employment rates. In 2021, the total labor force will be only one-third of the national population, and only 60% of China’s total labor population (the difference between the total labor force is 300 million people).
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, and other 3% (2000)
Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6%
Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est. by CIA)
Since India’s independence in 1947 and the split of East and West Pakistan, which led to the formation of predominantly Muslim Bangladesh and Hindu-majority India, tensions have continued to simmer between the two nations. This conflict resulted in three wars until a ceasefire was finally reached in 2003. However, the India-Pakistan Line of Control remains a source of constant conflict and occasional exchanges of fire.
Over the past 75 years, India has transformed from a poor economy with a per capita GDP of less than $50 a year to a low-and-middle-income economy with a per capita GDP of approximately $2,500 (2022). India now boasts the world’s largest population, and its economy, measured by GDP, has surpassed that of the UK, making it the fifth largest in the world.
India’s political system is built on the British Westminster model, featuring an upper house, the Rajya Sabha, and a more powerful lower house, the Lok Sabha. The Indian presidency is a five-year term elected position, while the royal family remains hereditary. As of 2022, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its coalition, the NDA, hold the majority in the Lok Sabha, with the opposition maintaining a majority in the Rajya Sabha.
Since Prime Minister Modi took office in 2014, the Indian government has implemented numerous policy reforms, such as the reassessment of 150 labor laws and the official passing of relevant bills in 2020. These reforms aim to improve the ease of doing business and stimulate growth in industry and manufacturing.
Since India’s independence in 1947 and the split of East and West Pakistan, which led to the formation of predominantly Muslim Bangladesh and Hindu-majority India, tensions have continued to simmer between the two nations. This conflict resulted in three wars until a ceasefire was finally reached in 2003. However, the India-Pakistan Line of Control remains a source of constant conflict and occasional exchanges of fire.
Over the past 75 years, India has transformed from a poor economy with a per capita GDP of less than $50 a year to a low-and-middle-income economy with a per capita GDP of approximately $2,500 (2022). India now boasts the world’s largest population, and its economy, measured by GDP, has surpassed that of the UK, making it the fifth largest in the world.
India’s political system is built on the British Westminster model, featuring an upper house, the Rajya Sabha, and a more powerful lower house, the Lok Sabha. The Indian presidency is a five-year term elected position, while the royal family remains hereditary. As of 2022, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its coalition, the NDA, hold the majority in the Lok Sabha, with the opposition maintaining a majority in the Rajya Sabha.
Since Prime Minister Modi took office in 2014, the Indian government has implemented numerous policy reforms, such as the reassessment of 150 labor laws and the official passing of relevant bills in 2020. These reforms aim to improve the ease of doing business and stimulate growth in industry and manufacturing.
Currently, there are three main policy developments in India. First, the government aims to upgrade business and trade infrastructure, including ports, railways, roads, and logistics centers. Second, it seeks to reform land policies, an effort ongoing since the adoption of the New Economic Policy in 1991. However, this reform faces resistance from citizens and is not expected to make significant progress after losing the legislative majority in the Rajya Sabha. Lastly, the government is focusing on increasing market power and stimulating business through various mechanisms.
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